The Sistine Chapel

Exterior of the Sistine Chapel, as originally built (left) and more recently.
Images © Web Gallery of Art.

Lines between St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel (right).
Photo © Sacred Destinations.

Interior of the Sistine Chapel, looking west to the entrance.
Photo © Web Gallery of Art.

Creation of the Sun and Moon (right) and Plants (left) by Michaelangelo.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

The Creation of Adam by Michaelangelo.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

The Fall and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Michaelangelo.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

Prophet Isaiah and Prophet Joel by Michaelangelo.
Public domain images courtesy of Web Gallery of Art.

Ceiling and east wall with The Last Judgment, both by Michaelangelo.
Photo © Sacred Destinations.

The Last Judgment (1535-1541) by Michaelangelo.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

Details from The Last Judgement, with Minos/Biagio de Cesena (right).
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

The Temptation of Christ by Botticelli.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

Moses Parting the Red Sea by Roselli.
Public domain image courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art.

Interactive satellite map of the Sistine Chapel. For a larger view,
see our Rome Map or Google Earth download.

"Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea
of what one man is capable of achieving."
--Johann Wolfgang Goethe, 1787

Thanks to the extraordinary talents of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), the Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina) in the Vatican has become one of the most famous art galleries in the western world.

The famous Sistine ceiling depicts scenes from Genesis in dramatic and moving detail, and The Last Judgment on the chapel's end wall is equally striking and powerful. In addition to these famous artworks, the side walls are covered with frescoes of Moses and Christ and portraits of popes.

But the Sistine Chapel is more than the sum of its artistic wonders: it is a symbolic statement of papal authority and the place in which papal elections in conclave are held to this day.

History

The Sistine Chapel was commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV, from whom it derives its name, in 1475. It was designed to be, and still is, the pope's chapel and the site of papal elections. The Sistine Chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin on August 15, 1483.

In 1481 Sixtus IV called to Rome the Florentine painters Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli and the Perugian Pietro Perugino to decorate the walls with frescoes. Luca Signorelli may have also been involved in the decoration. The fresco project took only 11 months, from July 1481 to May 1482.

The Sistine ceiling was originally painted by Piero Matteo d'Amelia, who included a star-spangled sky. But in 1508 Pope Julius II della Rovere commissioned Michelangelo to repaint the ceiling.

Michelangelo was called away from his work on the pope's own tomb and was he not happy about the change. He had always insisted he was a sculptor and was contemptuous of fresco painting. The result are glorious depictions of human bodies that could only be created by a sculptor, and the project Michelangelo hated so much (at least at first) ironically became his most well-known work.

Michelangelo was asked to paint the Twelve Apostles and a few ornaments on the ceiling of the chapel. But as he began work on the project, Michelangelo conceived grander designs and ended up painting more than 300 figures.

He worked on the project between 1508 and October 31, 1512, in cramped conditions high on a scaffolding and under continous pressure from the pope to hurry up. The project would permanently damage the artist's eyesight.

Michelangelo was in his 60s when he was called back to the chapel, again against his wishes, to paint The Last Judgment (1535-1541) on the altar wall. The work was commissioned by Pope Clement VII (1523-1534) shortly before his death, and Clement's successor, Pope Paul III Farnese (1534-1549), forced Michelangelo to a rapid execution of the work. It was the largest single fresco of the century and still an unquestioned masterpiece.

For important ceremonies, the lowest portions of the Sistine Chapel's side walls were covered with a series of tapestries depicting events from the Gospels and Acts. These were designed by Raphael and woven in 1515-19 at Brussels.

In recent decades, the Sistine Chapel has been carefully cleaned and restored, beginning with the 15th-century wall frescoes in 1965. The cleaning and restoration of the lunettes, the ceiling and the Last Judgment, a painstaking process using computer analysis, lasted from 1980 to 1994. The restoration included removing several of the "modesty" drapes that had been added over some of the nude figures.

The end result of the restoration has been controversial: Critics say a vital second layer of paint was removed, and argue that many of the restored figures seem flat compared with the originals, which had more shadow and detail. Others have hailed the project for saving Michelangelo's masterpiece for future generations to appreciate and for revealing the vibrancy of his color palette.

What to See

The chapel itself is of no great architectural interest. It is shaped as a simple rectangule, 40.93 meters long by 13.41 meters wide. These are the exact dimensions of the Temple of Solomon as given in the Old Testament. The chapel is 20.70 meters high and roofed with a flattened barrel vault. There are six tall windows cut into the long sides, forming a series of pendentives between them.

The Sistine Chapel was originally divided into two equal sections, a nave for the laity and a presbytery for the clergy, by a marble screen and the pattern of floor mosaics. In later years, the screen was moved to make the nave smaller and the presbytery much larger. The walls are decorated with frescoes by Renaissance masters and are divided into three horizontal levels.

The wall frescoes, though often missed by visitors captivated by the ceiling, are stunning in their artistic beauty and fascinating in their meaning. The fresco cycle consists of scenes from the Old Testament on the left wall that correspond with scenes from the New Testament on the right wall.

The New Testament fulfillment of Old Testement "types" is a common theme in Christian theology and church art, but in the Sistine Chapel there is another layer of meaning. Pope Sixtus IV wished the entire cycle to illustrate the legitimacy of his papal authority, running from Moses, via Christ, to Peter.

The portraits of the popes, beginning with Peter, above the biblical scenes further emphasized the ancestral line of the popes' God-given authority. Originally there were 28 portraits of early popes who had died as martyrs. (Four of them, the portraits of the first four popes on the altar wall, were painted over by The Last Judgment). The two rows of popes do not appear in chronological order, the sequence moves back and forth between the north and south wall to form a zigzag pattern.

In two of the wall frescoes - Perugino's "Christ Gives the Keys to Peter" and Botticelli's "The Punishment of Korah," the Arch of Constantine can be seen in the background. This also underlined papal authority, for Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, was traditionally held to have bestowed on the pope secular authority over the western world. The inclusion of Constantine's triumphal arch thus alludes to Sixtus' view of himself as not only the successor of Peter, but the successor of the Roman emperors.

The famous Sistine ceiling is divided into nine sections in which nine stories of Genesis - from the stages of Creation to the Drunkenness of Noah - are depicted. The scenes begin from the altar wall and proceed toward the entrance; Michelangelo painted them in reverse order since he started from the area near the entrance wall. The twisting ignudi or male nudes that decorate the corners of the ceiling were highly controversial at the time. In total, Michelangelo's work on the Sistine Chapel includes:

9 scenes from Genesis
4 corner pendentives
4 pairs of bronze nudes above the pendentives
8 triangular spandrels with pairs of bronze nudes
7 prophets (4 major: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel; and 3 minor: Zechariah, Joel and Jonah)
5 sybils
20 ignudi
10 medallions

Michelangelo's other great work is "The Last Judgment," on the altar wall. This powerful work centers on Christ the Judge, who compels the damned to the with his left hand and lifts up the saved to heaven with his right. Surrounding Christ are the planets, the sun and saints.

Don't miss Minos, the Judge of Souls, in hell with the ears of a jackass. He is a portrait of the papal Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena, who frequently complained to the Pope about the nudity of the painted figures, saying:

it was a most dishonest act in such a respectable place to have painted so many naked figures immodestly revealing their shameful parts, that it was not a work for a papal chapel but for a bathhouse or house of ill-fame.

When Biagio complained to the pope about his consignment to hell in Michelangelo's painting, Paul III is said to have replied that he has no jurisdiction in hell.

Michelangelo's self-portrait appears twice in The Last Judgment: in the flayed skin which Saint Bartholomew is carrying in his left hand, and in the figure in the lower left hand corner, who is looking encouragingly at those rising from their graves.

Quick Facts

Names:	Sistine Chapel; Cappella Sistina
Location:	In the Vatican Museums, Viale Vaticano, Vatican City (a long walk around the Vatican walls from St. Peter's Square)
Metro:	Ottaviano/San Pietro, then a long walk
Contact:	06-69884341
Hours:	Mid-Mar to late Oct Mon-Fri 8:45am-3:20pm; Sat and last Sun of the month 8:45am-12:20pm. Off season Mon-Sat and last Sun of the month 8:45am-12:20pm. Closed all national and religious holidays except Holy Week.
Cost:	12€; free for everyone the last Sunday of each month (includes admission to Vatican Museums)
Photos:	Photos and video recordings are not permitted in the Sistine Chapel, though many visitors attempt some stealthy shots. Be sure not to use your flash, as this is damaging to the artworks.
Tips:	Bring a binoculars for better viewing of the ceiling Don't overlook the wall frescoes Be ready for a long line to get into the Vatican Museum

Sources

Frommer's Rome, 17th edition
Web Gallery of Art - "Visit to the Sistine Chapel in Vatican"

TripAdvisor - traveler reviews of the Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel, including reviews of tours
Viator - book a guided tour of the Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel (departs from Rome hotels and other locations and includes optional extension to Catacombs)